Eucalyptus
Eucalyptus is a genus of more than 700 species of flowering plants in the family Myrtaceae.
Most species of Eucalyptus are trees, often mallees, and a few are shrubs
Eucalyptus spp. is a genus of fast-growing and highly adaptable trees native to Australia.
They are widely cultivated for their timber, pulp, and essential oils.
Eucalyptus trees are well-known for their adaptations to fire-prone environments.
Many species have thick, fire-resistant bark, and some require fire for their seeds to germinate (serotinous species).
Eucalyptus trees are also known for their ability to absorb groundwater, which can influence local hydrology.
They can be highly competitive with other plant species and are often dominant in ecosystems where they grow.
What are KDFC and its plantations?
The Kerala Forest Development Corporation (KFDC) was established on January 24, 1975, as part of a dynamic production forestry enterprise
The corporation has around 7,000 hectares (ha) of plantations.
The plantation working circle includes the following species: Eucalyptus grandis, Acacia auriculiformis, Acacia mangium, Acacia crassicarpa, Acacia pycnantha (also known as wattle), Alnus nepalensis, Casuarina equisetifolia, and Pinus patula.
Eucalyptus plantations have a rotation age of nine years; Acacia auriculiformis trees, 18 years; and Acacia mangium, seven years.
At the end of each cycle, plantations approved by the Union Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate change are felled.
Clear-felled plantations are planted with species listed in a management plan.
Before planting, experts check for soil quality and consult with the Kerala Forest Research Institute.
As of this month, the KFDC said plantations of exotic species, including eucalyptus, would be converted to those of indigenous species once exotic flora has been felled “so as to be more ecologically and environmentally friendly”.
The Kerala government earlier issued an order allowing the KFDC to plant eucalyptus trees for its financial sustenance in 2024-2025.
Environmentalists soon protested the decision saying the move would adversely affect forests and heighten human-animal conflicts in future
What was the issue with the order?
In 2021, the State government had published an eco-restoration policy.
Among other things, it sought to address what it called the “proliferation of invasive species that are not suitable for our environment” and the resulting “depletion of natural forests”.
Such depletion, according to the policy, was in turn forcing wild animals to move to human-occupied land in search of food and thus increasing the prevalence of human-wildlife conflict.
A recent study by the Kerala State Forest Protective Staff Organisation — an association of frontline forest officers — found replacing exotic plants in forested areas with the corresponding natural species could help ensure food for wild elephants at Chinnakanal in Munnar.
The Chinnakanal landscape is prime elephant habitat in the Munnar forest division, and is filled with eucalyptus trees.
The policy also acknowledged that invasive species of plants as well as animals had rendered “serious damage to natural habitats and ecosystems” and that “eradicating such invasive species … is of high priority.”
What is eco-restoration?
Kerala has around 27,000 ha under industrial plantations.
Against the backdrop of climate change and the promise researchers have said trees offer to mitigate against its worsening, the Kerala government had decided to phase out plantations of eucalyptus, acacia, wattle, and pine by 2024 and replace them with natural forests.
This process is called eco-restoration.
Many of these areas are currently overwhelmed with invasive species.
For example, in 2019, in the Marayoor Sandal Division in Idukki, the forest department initiated a project supported by the UNDP, the National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development, and the Compensatory Afforestation Fund Management and Planning Authority.
Some 108 hectares of exotic species were removed to allow natural grasses to flourish.
The result: water streams in the area were restored after a 30-year gap.
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