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Haber-Bosch process UPSC NOTE

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  Importance of Nitrogen and Fertilizers Nitrogen is essential for plant growth, helping produce proteins and enzymes . The Haber-Bosch proc...

 Importance of Nitrogen and Fertilizers

  • Nitrogen is essential for plant growth, helping produce proteins and enzymes.

  • The Haber-Bosch process converts atmospheric nitrogen into fertilizers, crucial for meeting the global food demand.

Natural Sources of Reactive Nitrogen

  • Reactive nitrogen comes from natural sources like lightning, which breaks nitrogen molecules and forms nitrogen oxides that fertilize the soil.

  • Certain bacteria (e.g., Azotobacter and Rhizobia) also convert nitrogen into forms usable by plants through natural processes.

Nitrogen Cycle

  • Plants absorb reactive nitrogen from the soil in forms like ammonium and nitrate.

  • Animals and humans obtain nitrogen by eating plants, returning it to the soil through waste and decomposition.

  • The cycle is incomplete, as some nitrogen escapes back into the atmosphere, depleting soil nitrogen over time.

Need for Fertilizers

  • With increasing populations and food demands, natural nitrogen sources are insufficient.

  • Fertilizers help replenish nitrogen in soils depleted by crop growth and harvesting.


Ammonia Synthesis and Haber-Bosch Process

  • Ammonia (NH₃) is formed from nitrogen (N₂) and hydrogen (H₂) through the reaction 

N2+3H2⇌2NH3​

  • This reaction requires high temperatures (around 200°C) and high pressures (about 200 atm).

  • Initially, catalysts like osmium and uranium were used, but they were expensive. 

  • Alwin Mittasch later discovered that certain iron oxides served as effective and cheaper catalysts for large-scale production

Impact of Fertilizers

  • Synthetic fertilizers have significantly boosted food production but can lead to environmental issues.

  • Excess nitrogen can pollute water sources and harm ecosystems.

Lessons from Nitrogen Fixation

  • While the Haber-Bosch process was revolutionary for food supply, it’s not a complete solution to hunger and malnutrition.

  • Effective solutions also require political action and community engagement, not just technological fixes.

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Learnerz IAS | Concept oriented UPSC Classes in Malayalam: Haber-Bosch process UPSC NOTE
Haber-Bosch process UPSC NOTE
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