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India's Fight Against Tuberculosis UPSC NOTE

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  TB's Global and Indian Burden Tuberculosis (TB) is the leading infectious disease killer worldwide, with global TB death targets of ...

 TB's Global and Indian Burden

  • Tuberculosis (TB) is the leading infectious disease killer worldwide, with global TB death targets of a 90% reduction in TB deaths and 80% reduction in new cases by 2030.

  • India continues to carry 26% of the global TB burden and is the hub for drug-resistant TB (DR-TB) and TB-related deaths.

  • The COVID-19 pandemic has delayed India’s ambitious goal to end TB by 2025, set by the government in 2018 with political commitment.

Challenges in Treatment and Diagnosis

  • India’s National Tuberculosis Elimination Programme (NTEP) provides effective TB drugs, with over 95% of notified cases initiated for treatment.

  • However, the country faced a nationwide drug supply chain break in 2023, leaving patients without key medicines, disrupting treatment, and increasing antibiotic resistance risks.

  • TB patients often have to buy medicines from outside, causing catastrophic health expenses for families.

  • Extrapulmonary TB (EP-TB), affecting organs beyond the lungs, makes up 24% of cases but is frequently missed or diagnosed late due to vague symptoms.

  • Training of general practitioners and better integration of EP-TB screening into healthcare systems is crucial for early diagnosis.

Vulnerable Groups and Contributory Factors

  • High-risk groups, such as miners exposed to dust and migrant workers with poor healthcare access, face a higher risk of TB.

  • Other contributing factors include silicosis (lung damage from dust inhalation), undernutrition, overcrowding, and uncontrolled co-morbidities like diabetes, which complicate TB outcomes.

  • Migrant workers are particularly vulnerable, often unable to continue their TB treatment due to their movement across regions, complicating tracking and continuity of care.

  • A multisectoral approach, including addressing nutritional and healthcare access issues, is needed to reduce TB risks among these vulnerable groups.

Path Forward and Hope

  • India has made progress by increasing case notifications and reducing TB deaths by 24% compared to 2015, which is better than the global decline.

  • Political leadership, community participation, and local advocacy, have proven effective in achieving TB elimination targets.

  • Collaborative cross-learning from global best practices, like Vietnam’s use of active case finding for high-risk groups, could improve India’s response.

  • The NTEP must adapt to local challenges and update its approach, integrating new knowledge and rethinking conventional frameworks to enhance TB elimination efforts.

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Learnerz IAS | Concept oriented UPSC Classes in Malayalam: India's Fight Against Tuberculosis UPSC NOTE
India's Fight Against Tuberculosis UPSC NOTE
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