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India's Snakebite Crisis UPSC NOTE

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  Antivenoms: What They Are and How They Work Antivenoms are life-saving medicines created by injecting venom into animals (often horses), ...

 Antivenoms: What They Are and How They Work

  • Antivenoms are life-saving medicines created by injecting venom into animals (often horses), leading them to produce antibodies that neutralize venom.

  • Snake venom is lethal due to toxins like haemotoxins, neurotoxins, and cytotoxins, which damage blood cells, paralyze nerves, and destroy tissue.

  • Antivenoms bind to these toxins, rendering them ineffective, but treatment success depends on identifying the snake species and venom quantity.

Snakebite Prevalence and Risk in India

  • India is home to over 300 snake species, with more than 60 venomous ones, contributing to significant snakebite deaths, especially from the Big Four: Indian cobra, common krait, Russell’s viper, and saw-scaled viper.

  • Other venomous snakes remain untreated by current antivenoms, leading to higher fatalities.

  • Studies estimate 1.2 million snakebite deaths and millions more disabilities in India between 2001-2014, with agricultural workers and rural populations most affected.

Challenges in Antivenom Accessibility

  • Despite being the largest producer of antivenoms, access remains difficult, especially in remote areas where people face long travel times to reach healthcare facilities.

  • Improper storage and administration, lack of cold storage, and inadequate infrastructure reduce antivenom effectiveness.

  • High production costs make antivenoms unaffordable for the economically disadvantaged.

Snakebite Treatment Difficulties

  • Logistical issues, cultural beliefs, and delays in treatment exacerbate the problem.

  • Many rural areas lack adequate healthcare resources, leading to ineffective treatment or delays in receiving the necessary care.

The Future of Antivenoms: Innovations

  • Researchers are developing synthetic antivenoms using recombinant DNA technology, which are free from animal-derived proteins and offer greater safety and efficacy.

  • AI and computer-designed proteins hold promise for more effective, faster antivenom development, and region-specific antivenoms could provide tailored treatments.

  • Continued research, infrastructure improvements, and education are essential to combat India’s snakebite crisis.

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Learnerz IAS | Concept oriented UPSC Classes in Malayalam: India's Snakebite Crisis UPSC NOTE
India's Snakebite Crisis UPSC NOTE
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