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What is a quantum chip? UPSC NOTE

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  Recent Growth in Quantum Computing Quantum computing has seen rapid advancements and significant investments in recent years, gaining regu...

 

  • Recent Growth in Quantum Computing

  • Quantum computing has seen rapid advancements and significant investments in recent years, gaining regular attention in global news.

  • The United Nations has declared 2025 as the International Year of Quantum Science and Technology.

  • Importance and Potential of Quantum Computing

  • Quantum computers offer extraordinary data processing power compared to current classical computers.

  • While they won’t replace traditional computers, quantum computing could drive breakthroughs in fields like:

  • Medicine

  • Chemistry

  • Materials Science

  • The global race to develop the first full-scale quantum computer is accelerating, with both private industries and governments actively competing.

  • Challenges in Building Quantum Computers

  • A key hurdle is developing stable and scalable quantum processors, also called quantum chips.

  • Understanding Quantum Chips

  • Classical computers store data in binary bits (0 or 1), whereas quantum chips use qubits.

  • Qubits can exist in a state of 0, 1, or both simultaneously, a phenomenon called superposition, enabling exponential data storage and processing power.

  • Qubits are created using methods like:

  • Superconducting devices

  • Semiconductors

  • Photonics (light-based technology)

  • Leading developers include IBM, Google, QueRa, Intel, PsiQuantum, and Xanadu.

  • Qubits: Quality Versus Quantity

  • The quality of qubits matters more than the sheer number.

  • Factors affecting qubit quality include:

  • Noise from manufacturing imperfections or environmental disturbances

  • Changes in temperature or control signal issues

  • High-fidelity qubits (less prone to errors) are essential for quantum chips to perform reliable computational tasks.

  • Error Correction in Quantum Chips

  • Researchers have developed techniques to create logical qubits by combining low-fidelity qubits, making them error-resistant and reliable.

  • Significant progress has been made in quantum error correction, with notable achievements by Google, IBM, QueRa, and CSIRO in 2024.

  • Current quantum chips with over 100 qubits are used for evaluating and improving quantum computers, but only single logical qubits have been developed so far.

  • Combining multiple logical qubits into a functional quantum chip for real-world problems remains a work in progress.

  • Applications of Quantum Computing

  • A fully functional quantum processor could revolutionize areas like:

  • Medicine: Accelerating drug discovery and genetics research.

  • AI safety: Improving algorithms for banking, military, and autonomous vehicles.

  • Achieving quantum supremacy—where a quantum computer outperforms classical ones for specific tasks—is a critical milestone.

  • Google’s Willow chip demonstrated quantum supremacy in 2024 for a theoretical task, marking a significant step forward despite not solving practical problems yet.

  • Future Outlook: 2025 and Beyond

  • Quantum chips are expected to scale up further, incorporating logical qubits to handle increasingly useful tasks.

  • Rapid progress is also being made in quantum software and algorithms, ensuring readiness for practical applications as hardware advances.

  • Building a full-scale quantum computer requires breakthroughs across multiple domains, including:

  • Increasing the number of qubits

  • Enhancing qubit fidelity

  • Improving error correction methods

  • Developing quantum software and algorithms

  • 2025 is anticipated to bring advancements in all these areas, contributing to the realization of practical quantum computing.

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Learnerz IAS | Concept oriented UPSC Classes in Malayalam: What is a quantum chip? UPSC NOTE
What is a quantum chip? UPSC NOTE
Learnerz IAS | Concept oriented UPSC Classes in Malayalam
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