Merit vs Spoils System
Merit System: Government positions are filled based on a rigorous, independent selection process.
In India, this began in 1858 and continues today through the Union Public Service Commission (UPSC).
This system aims to create unbiased bureaucrats who provide independent advice.
Spoils System: In this system, political leaders appoint their supporters to government positions.
Originating in the U.S., it was replaced by the merit system in 1883.
Role of the Civil Services
Civil services are crucial in maintaining democratic governance, including conducting fair elections and ensuring smooth transitions of power.
They hold institutional knowledge, advise governments, and implement policies.
Their tasks also include overseeing public programs, enforcing laws, and ensuring essential services.
Ails of the Civil Services
Political Bias: There is growing political influence in bureaucratic functions, eroding the neutrality of civil servants.
Lack of Expertise: Generalist bureaucrats may not have the specialized knowledge needed for complex technical challenges.
Corruption: Bureaucratic corruption is a persistent issue, often going unpunished.
Required Reforms
Insulation from Political Interference: To ensure the bureaucracy remains neutral, there should be less political influence in decisions like postings and transfers.
Outcome-based Focus: Bureaucrats should shift from focusing on processes to focusing on achieving measurable outcomes.
Lateral Entrants: Hiring domain experts for senior positions can help address technical challenges and improve performance.
These reforms would maintain the core functions and independence of the civil services, ensuring effective governance.
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