Uranium Mining in Meghalaya: A Conflict Between National Interest and Tribal Rights
UPSC Relevance
Prelims: Indian Geography (Mineral Resources - Uranium); Indian Polity and Governance (Fifth and Sixth Schedules, Autonomous District Councils, Key Legislations - Forest Rights Act); Environment (EIA, Public Consultation).
Mains:
General Studies Paper 1 (Society/Geography): Distribution of key natural resources; Social empowerment; Tribal issues.
General Studies Paper 2 (Polity & Governance): Functions and responsibilities of the Union and the States; Welfare schemes for vulnerable sections; Mechanisms, laws, and institutions for the protection of vulnerable sections.
General Studies Paper 3 (Economy/Environment): Infrastructure: Energy; Conservation. This is a classic "Development vs. Environment/Rights" case study.
Key Highlights from the News
The issue of uranium mining in Meghalaya is an example of a recurring conflict across India's mineral-rich tribal areas.
This clash between the state's developmental and strategic objectives and the constitutional rights of indigenous communities raises fundamental questions about India's development model.
The Conflict: National Security/Development vs. Tribal Rights & Way Forward:
Arguments for Mining (The State's Perspective):
National Security: Uranium is essential for nuclear weapons and defense.
Energy Security: Provides fuel for nuclear power plants, ensuring the nation's energy security.
Economic Development: Mining can create employment opportunities and lead to local development.
Arguments Against Mining (The Tribal Communities' Perspective):
Violation of Constitutional Rights: Violation of autonomous and land rights provided by Fifth/Sixth Schedule, PESA, FRA.
Environmental Destruction: Uranium mining pollutes water, soil, and air, posing a radiation threat.
Livelihood and Cultural Loss: Destroys the livelihoods and cultural identity of tribal communities dependent on forests.
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