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Free and Fair elections UPSC NOTE

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  Importance of free and fair elections in a democracy India is to conduct a general election very soon. This is an election of momentous im...

 Importance of free and fair elections in a democracy

  • India is to conduct a general election very soon.

  • This is an election of momentous importance in the history of democratic India

  • India has remained a powerful presence in the democratic world and has always been looked upon as a beacon of hope for those who believe in a liberal pluralist and secular order, particularly in Asia. 

  • It is common knowledge that there are various forebodings about a possible turn that India may take soon towards some form of theocracy. 

  • The much-heightened religiosity seen almost everywhere in the country, and the powerful religious idioms being used liberally in the political discourse are straws in the wind

  • There is a general feeling that drastic changes in the country’s political direction are in the offing.

  • The Court has made a significant observation “We are of the considered view that in such a case, this Court is duty-bound, particularly in the context of its jurisdiction under Article 142 of the Constitution, to do complete justice to ensure that the process of electoral democracy is not allowed to be thwarted by such subterfuges.”

  • Like enlightened citizens, the lords of the top court, with their incisive intellect, could fathom the depth of the degeneration that has taken place in the system

  • These words, from the Bench, give the country a heads-up on the serious threat the system could face

  • That a relatively insignificant office-bearer of a Municipal Corporation had the courage to subvert the electoral process with impunity points to the times we are living in.

  • It is even more disturbing that senior law officers of the government defended his action in the Supreme Court

  • It is also instructive that the High Court did not give any relief to the petitioners in the face of such a blatantly illegal act by an officer who is required to protect the integrity of the electoral process. 

  • It is baffling that the High Court could not detect the defacing of valid ballots by the officer for obvious political benefits.

  • The founding fathers of the republic preserved the sanctity of the electoral system through constitutional and legal provisions

  • A constitutional body such as the Election Commission of India has been tasked with conducting elections to law-making bodies such as the State Legislatures and Parliament. 

  • The two principal laws relating to elections, namely, The Representation of The People Act, 1950 and The Representation of The People Act, 1951, contain a complete code on elections in India. 

  • The Constitution and the laws repose confidence in the men who operate the system

  • But, in an atmosphere of degeneration of institutions, it is idle to pretend that everything in the garden is lovely

  • Judicial intervention to restore the sanctity of the system as well as to punish the subverters of the system can go a long way in shoring up public morale

  • This is why the Indian public has widely welcomed the two judgments of the Supreme Court on the electoral bonds scheme and the mayoral elections in Chandigarh.

  • The people of India will elect a new Lok Sabha soon. 

  • There is unprecedented religious fervour in the country today

  • It is relatively easy to excite the people of India in the name of religion or mythology

  • It is also natural for religious fervour to be reflected in the electoral outcome

Concerns about potential threats to this principle in India

  • Political parties and their leaders cannot, in the circumstances, carry out any rescue operation.

  • They will only go with the flow. 

  • Political parties seem to have almost forgotten Section 123 of the Representation of People Act 1951 which deals with a range of corrupt practices that invalidate an election

  • In particular, Section 123 Clause (3) lays emphasis on the consequences of using ‘religion’ or ‘religious’ symbols in an election.

  • The law-makers were convinced that the ordinary voter could be easily influenced by an appeal in the name of religion

  • So, they termed such an appeal as a corrupt practice. 

  • Further, the Supreme Court has strongly deprecated such tendencies on the part of the candidate and political leaders.

  • The Court, in Ziyauddin Burhanuddin Bukhari vs Brijmohan Ramdass Mehra & Ors (1975), put the issue of religious appeal in elections in perspective.

  • Indeed they have none in the world of modern science which has compelled every type of religion, for its own survival, to seek securer foundations than childlike faith in and unquestioning conformity or [of] obedience to an invariable set of religious beliefs and

practices”.

  • In 2017, a seven-judge Bench of the Supreme Court gave a wider interpretation to the appeal in the name of religion (Abhiram Singh vs C.D. Commachen) and held that such an appeal would include even the religion of voters and not merely that of the vote-seeker

  • This means that no appeal whatsoever in the name of the religion of the candidate or voters is permissible. 

  • Political parties would do well to read carefully these judgments before they set out to bombard the voters with their sectarian appeals.

  • Subversion of the electoral process can take place at different levels, and at different stages of an election. 

  • The Returning Officer in the Chandigarh Corporation has shown how easy it is to achieve that objective even at the stage of counting of votes. 

  • It is true that the Mayoral election or elections to Corporations are not governed by the Representation of People Act

  • But, the corporations’ regulations which govern such elections also have the same principles to ensure free and fair elections, which is a part of the basic structure of the Constitution.

SC verdict in Kuldeep Kumar vs Union Territory of Chandigarh and Others

  • This Court has consistently held that free and fair elections are a part of the basic structure of the Constitution. 

  • Elections at the local participatory level act as a microcosm of the largest democratic structure in the country… ensuring a free and fair electoral process throughout this process, therefore, is imperative to maintain the legitimacy of and trust in representative democracy.

  • So said the Supreme Court of India in Kuldeep Kumar vs Union Territory of Chandigarh and Others — otherwise known as the Chandigarh Mayor’s election case.

  • Though the Court has said the same or similar words in a number of its judgments in the past, the Chandigarh judgment.

  • Which was pronounced on February 20, 2024, by the Chief Justice of India, D.Y. Chandrachud, and his brother Judges, Justices J.B. Pardiwala and Manoj Misra, has taken on a new resonance. 

  • It is the context of this judgment that imparts great significance to these words.


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Learnerz IAS | Concept oriented UPSC Classes in Malayalam: Free and Fair elections UPSC NOTE
Free and Fair elections UPSC NOTE
Learnerz IAS | Concept oriented UPSC Classes in Malayalam
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