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Inflammatory bowel disease UPSC NOTE

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  Inflammatory bowel disease Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a term that describes disorders involving long-standing (chronic) inflammat...

 Inflammatory bowel disease

  • Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a term that describes disorders involving long-standing (chronic) inflammation of tissues in your digestive tract. Types of IBD include:

Ulcerative colitis

  • This condition involves inflammation and sores (ulcers) along the lining of your large intestine (colon) and rectum.

Crohn's disease

  • This type of IBD is characterized by inflammation of the lining of the digestive tract, which often can involve the deeper layers of the digestive tract. 

  • Crohn's disease most commonly affects the small intestine. 

  • However, it can also affect the large intestine and uncommonly, the upper gastrointestinal tract.

  • Both ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease usually are characterized by diarrhea, rectal bleeding, abdominal pain, fatigue and weight loss

Causes

  • Researchers at Francis Crick Institute, in collaboration with UCL and Imperial College London published their findings in journal Nature about causes of IBD. 

  • Scientists at the Crick journeyed into a ‘gene desert’ — an area of DNA that doesn’t code for proteins — which has previously been linked to IBD and several other autoimmune diseases.

  • They found that this gene desert contains an ‘enhancer’, a section of DNA that is like a volume dial for nearby genes, able to crank up the amount of proteins they make. 

  • The team discovered that this particular enhancer was only active in macrophages, a type of immune cell known to be important in IBD, and boosted a gene called ETS2, with higher levels correlating with a higher risk of disease.

  • Using genetic editing, the scientists showed that ETS2 was essential for almost all inflammatory functions in macrophages, including several that directly contribute to tissue damage in IBD

  • The team also discovered that many other genes previously linked to IBD are part of the ETS2 pathway, providing further evidence that it is a major cause of IBD.


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Learnerz IAS | Concept oriented UPSC Classes in Malayalam: Inflammatory bowel disease UPSC NOTE
Inflammatory bowel disease UPSC NOTE
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