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Challenges and Reforms in India's Reservation System UPSC NOTE

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  Complexities of India’s Reservation System India's reservation system aims to uplift historically marginalised communities , especiall...

 Complexities of India’s Reservation System

  • India's reservation system aims to uplift historically marginalised communities, especially Scheduled Castes (SCs) and Scheduled Tribes (STs).

  • The system, which provides quotas in education, employment, and public offices, seeks to address centuries of social and economic exclusion.

  • Over 75 years since independence, the effectiveness of the reservation system is being questioned, especially regarding unequal benefits within SC groups.

What Data from Different States Tell Us

  • Andhra Pradesh & Tamil Nadu: Most SC groups have benefited equally from reservations, with slight differences but no significant disparities.

  • Punjab: The SC quota has been subdivided since 1975, leading to better outcomes for historically disadvantaged groups, like the Mazhabi Sikhs and Balmikis.

  • Bihar: The “Mahadalit” category for marginalised SCs, created in 2007, faced challenges due to political pressures, diluting its original purpose.

  • Despite some intra-SC disparities, the gap between SCs and upper-caste groups remains much larger.


Are Reservations Accessible?

  • Data from the India Human Development Survey (IHDS) shows that many SC households do not have caste certificates, a requirement for reservation in education and employment

  • In states like Uttar Pradesh and Bihar, less than 50% of SC households have caste certificates, excluding many from benefits.

  • In contrast, Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh have better access (60-70%), but this is not the norm across the country.

  • The main issue is improving access to reservations before considering other reforms like quota-within-quota.


Is Quota-Within-Quota the Solution?

  • Quota-within-quota (subdividing the SC quota) can be beneficial in states like Punjab, where specific SC subgroups (like Mazhabi Sikhs and Balmikis) are more disadvantaged.

  • However, in states like Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu, further subdivision may not be necessary, as benefits are already fairly distributed.

  • Political motivations, such as those seen in Bihar, can undermine the effectiveness of quota-within-quota, turning it into a tool for political gain rather than addressing inequality.

  • The idea of introducing a “creamy layer” exclusion for SCs, like for OBCs, needs stronger evidence to avoid alienating the genuinely disadvantaged.

  • Improved data on caste disparities is crucial to effectively address the need for reforms

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Learnerz IAS | Concept oriented UPSC Classes in Malayalam: Challenges and Reforms in India's Reservation System UPSC NOTE
Challenges and Reforms in India's Reservation System UPSC NOTE
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Learnerz IAS | Concept oriented UPSC Classes in Malayalam
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