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Crowd Crushes and Preventative Measures UPSC NOTE

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  The Nature of Crowd Crushes: Definition : Crowd crushes are distinct from stampedes. They occur due to excessive crowd density, not necess...

 The Nature of Crowd Crushes:

  • Definition: Crowd crushes are distinct from stampedes. They occur due to excessive crowd density, not necessarily panic. 

  • The pressure of the crowd can restrict breathing and cause internal injuries, leading to fatalities.

  • Density as a Key Factor: Scientific studies indicate critical thresholds: 5 persons per square meter poses a risk of injury, and 7 or more per square meter significantly increases the likelihood of death or serious injury.

  • Preventability: Crucially, crowd crushes are largely preventable through proper planning and management.

Case Studies and Global Prevalence:

  • Maha Kumbh Tragedy (India): The recent tragedy highlights the recurring nature of such events, even in large-scale religious gatherings

  • The article suggests that overcrowding behind a barrier contributed to the disaster.

  • Global Examples: The article cites several other incidents:

  • Houston (US, music concert, 2021)

  • Itaewon (South Korea, Halloween festival, 2022)

  • Sanaa (Yemen, charity distribution, 2023)

  • Nigeria (religious festival, 2024)

  • Recurring Pattern: These examples demonstrate a global pattern, highlighting the need for universal preventative measures.

Root Causes and Misconceptions:

  • Blaming the Victims: The article criticizes the tendency to blame crowds for being "out of control." 

  • This deflects responsibility from those in charge of planning and managing the event.

  • Lack of Individual Control: Individuals within a dense crowd have limited awareness of the overall situation and virtually no ability to influence the crowd's movement. 

  • Once a critical density is reached, escape or even breathing becomes difficult.

  • Systemic Failures: The real causes lie in inadequate planning, insufficient space, poor crowd management, and a lack of regulatory frameworks.

Preventative Measures and Best Practices:

  • Key Strategies: The article outlines several effective strategies:

  • Multiple Entry/Exit Points: Reduces bottlenecks and allows for smoother crowd flow.

  • Staggered Arrival Times: Prevents sudden surges in crowd density.

  • Obstacle-Free Passageways: Ensures unimpeded movement.

  • Crowd Segmentation: Dividing large crowds into smaller, manageable groups (as done in Times Square) can prevent dangerous clustering.

  • Cost-Effectiveness: These measures are relatively simple and inexpensive to implement.

The Role of Governments and Event Organizers:

  • Regulatory Gap: A major problem is the lack of mandatory regulations in most countries requiring event organizers to implement these safety measures.

  • Economic Incentives: Event organizers often prioritize maximizing attendance and profits over crowd safety, creating a disincentive to implement preventative measures.

  • Need for Legislation: The Maha Kumbh tragedy should serve as a catalyst for governments to enact legislation that mandates crowd safety protocols for large events

  • This includes clear guidelines for event planning, crowd management, and venue safety.

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Learnerz IAS | Concept oriented UPSC Classes in Malayalam: Crowd Crushes and Preventative Measures UPSC NOTE
Crowd Crushes and Preventative Measures UPSC NOTE
Learnerz IAS | Concept oriented UPSC Classes in Malayalam
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