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Indus Waters Treaty UPSC NOTE

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  What does the IWT provide for? The Indus Waters Treaty (IWT) was signed in 1960 between India and Pakistan , brokered by the World Bank. ...

 What does the IWT provide for?

  • The Indus Waters Treaty (IWT) was signed in 1960 between India and Pakistan, brokered by the World Bank.

  • It gives India control over three eastern rivers (Ravi, Beas, Sutlej) and Pakistan control over three western rivers (Indus, Jhelum, Chenab).

  • India can use western rivers for non-consumptive purposes like hydropower, but under strict conditions.

  • It includes mechanisms for dispute resolution: bilateral talks, neutral expert review, and arbitration through an international court.

How has it withstood wars between India and Pakistan?

  • Despite three major wars (1965, 1971, 1999) and many tensions, the treaty has continued to function.

  • Regular annual meetings between India and Pakistan’s water commissioners have taken place even during conflicts.

  • Its strength lies in being a technical, depoliticized agreement focused on water-sharing, separate from broader political disputes.

How have disputes surrounding India’s hydropower projects been arbitrated?

  • Projects like Kishanganga and Ratle dams have led to disagreements.

  • Pakistan fears these projects give India too much control over water.

  • The Kishanganga case went to arbitration; India was allowed to continue, with some flow limits imposed.

  • The Ratle case created a procedural conflict; both arbitration and neutral expert paths were eventually allowed.

  • India joined the neutral expert process but boycotted the arbitration — showing legal routes are still active but politically sensitive.

Can third parties mediate?

  • Yes — the treaty allows for neutral experts and arbitration panels approved by both countries.

  • This is different from third-party mediation on political issues like Kashmir, which India opposes.

  • So, while India prefers bilateral talks, the treaty itself permits structured third-party roles for technical disputes.

How have other countries handled cross-border river disputes?

  • Europe: Hungary and Slovakia had a dispute over a Danube dam project; the ICJ helped resolve it.

  • Southeast Asia: Mekong River tensions between countries like Laos and Vietnam are managed through dialogue in a river commission.

  • In both cases, legal frameworks and cooperation helped avoid conflict and manage disputes.

Risks of withdrawing from the IWT

  • There’s no exit clause — it’s a legally binding international treaty.

  • Unilateral withdrawal would harm India’s global image and may bring in diplomatic backlash.

  • It could hurt India’s credibility in water-sharing talks with other neighbours like Nepal and Bangladesh.

  • Ethically, cutting water can hurt millions of ordinary people in Pakistan, especially in dry seasons.

What should be done?

  • India should fully use its rights under the treaty, including hydropower projects, but within the treaty’s limits.

  • Withdrawal would weaken India’s legal position and might provoke global criticism.

  • The treaty is a symbol of cooperation even in a hostile relationship — ending it could harm future peace prospects.

  • India can show leadership by upholding international norms and ensuring water remains a shared, sacred resource — not a weapon.

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Learnerz IAS | Concept oriented UPSC Classes in Malayalam: Indus Waters Treaty UPSC NOTE
Indus Waters Treaty UPSC NOTE
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