Satellite Internet and LEO Mega-Constellations: Technology, Applications, and Strategic Implications for India
UPSC Relevance
Prelims: Science & Technology (Space Technology - Satellites, Orbits like GEO, MEO, LEO; Communication Technology), Indian Economy (Digital Infrastructure, Digital Divide), Internal Security.
Mains:
GS Paper 3: Science and Technology- developments and their applications and effects in everyday life; Awareness in the fields of IT, Space, Computers; Infrastructure: Energy, Ports, Roads, Airports, Railways etc. (Digital Infrastructure); Security challenges and their management in border areas; Disaster and disaster management.
GS Paper 2: Important aspects of governance, transparency and accountability, e-governance- applications, models, successes, limitations, and potential.
Key Highlights from the News
Main News: Elon Musk's Starlink is expected to begin operations in India soon, which will bring about a major change in the country's internet infrastructure.
Need for Satellite Internet:
It helps provide internet access to remote areas and villages where traditional networks using cables and towers cannot reach.
It becomes a crucial communication method when traditional networks fail due to disasters.
Different Types of Orbits:
Satellites are primarily deployed in three types of orbits: GEO (High Orbit, High Latency), MEO (Medium Orbit), and LEO (Low Orbit, Very Low Latency).
LEO Technology:
LEO satellites like Starlink operate using a network of thousands of satellites known as "mega-constellations".
A key feature is Optical Inter-satellite Links, which allow satellites to communicate directly with each other in space.
Strategic Importance (Dual-use nature):
It has uses that benefit ordinary people (reducing the digital divide) and military applications. Starlink played a critical role in the Ukraine war. The Indian Army also uses it in Siachen.
Its control is becoming a new dimension of national power.
Importance for India: This is a big opportunity for India to reduce the digital divide, promote economic development, and participate in international governance.
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