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Harappan civilisation UPSC NOTE

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  Why in news On September 20, 1924 , The Illustrated London News published an article by John Marshall , announcing the discovery of the &...

 Why in news

  • On September 20, 1924, The Illustrated London News published an article by John Marshall, announcing the discovery of the "civilisation of the Indus Valley," which revealed a long-forgotten prehistoric culture.

  • This groundbreaking news has had a lasting impact on South Asia, influencing historical and archaeological studies for the past century

Harappan civilisation

  • The history of India begins with the birth of the Indus Valley Civilization (IVC), also known as Harappan Civilization.

  • Major sites include Harappa, discovered by Daya Ram Sahni in 1921, and Mohenjo-daro, excavated by Rakhal Das Banerji in 1922

  • Both sites revealed similar artifacts, indicating a shared civilization.

  • The Indus Valley was home to the largest of the four ancient urban civilizations of Egypt, Mesopotamia, India and China

  • The civilisation burgeoned on the banks of the Indus and Saraswati rivers, the latter of which is believed to have dried up around 1900 BC.

Civilization Timeline:

  • Early Phase: 3200 BC to 2600 BC.

  • Mature Period: 2600 BC to 1900 BC.

  • Late Phase: 1900 BC to 1500 BC

Geographical Extent:

  • Spread over 1.5 million sq.km across India, Pakistan, and Afghanistan.

  • Approximately 1,500 sites in northwestern India.

  • About 500 sites in Pakistan.

Key Excavations

  • Harappa (Pakistan) First discovered - near river Ravi

  • Mohenjo-daro (Pakistan) - river Indus

  • Ganweriwala (Pakistan) - on the dry riverbed of the Ghaggar-Hakra

  • Rakhigarhi (Haryana, India)

  • Dholavira (Gujarat, India)

  • Daimabad (Maharashtra, India): Southernmost outpost - Pravara River, a tributary of the Godavari River

  • Mehrgarh (Balochistan): Earliest roots of the civilization around 7000 BC

Features

Technological Advancements:

  • Known for advanced town planning, the civilization featured reservoirs, drainage systems, and fortified structures, showcasing their engineering prowess.

Art and Crafts:

  • Artisans produced finely crafted seals, painted pottery, and jewelry, demonstrating high levels of skill in metallurgy and crafts.

  • Seals typically contained motifs and writing within a size of 2 cm by 1.5 cm

Standardization and Measures:

  • The civilization utilized standardized weights and bricks, highlighting a sophisticated understanding of measurements and construction techniques.

  • Use of burnt bricks with a ratio of 1:2:4, optimal for construction

Writing System:

  • The Harappan script remains undeciphered but is characterized by its distinct symbols, often found on seals, indicating a form of communication.

Cultural Influence:

  • The civilization had maritime trade connections with West Asia, expanding its influence beyond the Indian subcontinent.

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Learnerz IAS | Concept oriented UPSC Classes in Malayalam: Harappan civilisation UPSC NOTE
Harappan civilisation UPSC NOTE
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